From Monopoly to Megamajors: How Standard Oil’s Forced Breakup Created Today’s Energy Giants
In 1911, the U.S. Supreme Court delivered one of the most consequential antitrust rulings in American history. Standard Oil, the sprawling empire built by John D. Rockefeller, was ordered dissolved. What had been a near-total domination of the U.S. oil industry—controlling refining, pipelines, and marketing—was broken into 34 independent […]